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1 Slater, Samuel
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 9 June 1768 Belper, Derbyshire, Englandd. 21 April 1835 USA[br]Anglo-American manufacturer who established the first American mill to use Arkwright's spinning system.[br]Samuel's father, William, was a respected independent farmer who died when his son was aged 14; the young Slater was apprenticed to his father's friend, Jedediah Strutt for six and a half years at the beginning of 1783. He showed mathematical ability and quickly acquainted himself thoroughly with cotton-spinning machinery made by Arkwright, Hargreaves and Crompton. After completing his apprenticeship, he remained for a time with the Strutts to act as Supervisor for a new mill.At that time it was forbidden to export any textile machinery or even drawings or data from England. The emigration of textile workers was forbidden too, but in September 1789 Slater left for the United States in disguise, having committed the details of the construction of the cotton-spinning machinery to memory. He reached New York and was employed by the New York Manufacturing Company.In January 1790 he met Moses Brown in Providence, Rhode Island, and on 5 April 1790 he signed a contract to construct Arkwright's spinning machinery for Almy \& Brown. It took Slater more than a year to get the machinery operational because of the lack of skilled mechanics and tools, but by 1793 the mill was running under the name of Almy, Brown \& Slater. In October 1791 Slater had married Hannah Wilkinson, and in 1798 he set up his own mill in partnership with his father-in-law, Orziel Wilkinson. This mill was built in Pawtucket, near the first mill, but other mills soon followed in Smithville, Rhode Island, and elsewhere. Slater was the Incorporator, and for the first fifteen years was also President of the Manufacturer's Bank in Pawtucket. It was in his business role and as New England's first industrial capitalist that Slater made his most important contributions to the emergence of the American textile industry.[br]Further ReadingG.S.White, 1836, Memoirs of Samuel Philadelphia (theearliestaccountofhislife). Dictionary of American Biography, Vol. XVII. Scientific American 63. P.E.Rivard, 1974, Samuel Slater, Father of American Manufactures, Slater Mill. D.J.Jeremy, 1981, Transatlantic Industrial Revolution. The Diffusion of TextileTechnologies Between Britain and America, 1790–1830s, Oxford (covers Slater's activities in the USA very fully).RLH -
2 Slater, Samuel
(1768-1835) Слейтер, СэмюэлПредприниматель, основоположник текстильной промышленности в США. Выходец из Великобритании; начинал карьеру подмастерьем на мануфактуре, где изучил и запомнил секреты ткацких станков английского мастера Р. Аркрайта [Arkwright, Richard]. В 1793 при поддержке торговца М. Брауна [Brown, Moses] основал собственную прядильную фабрику в г. Потакете, шт. Род-Айленд, по памяти воссоздав чертежи оборудования. Ныне фабрика [Slater Mill] превращена в музей. После успеха первого предприятия создал в г. Манчестере, шт. Нью-Хэмпшир, компанию "Амоскиг манюфэкчуринг" [Amoskeag Manufacturing Co.], со временем ставшую одной из крупнейших текстильных мануфактур мираEnglish-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Slater, Samuel
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3 Slater Mill
English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Slater Mill
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4 Textiles
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Dore, Samuel GriswoldHeilmann, JosuéLevers, JohnLister, Samuel CunliffeMa JunSong Yingxing -
5 Arnold, Aza
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 4 October 1788 Smithfield, Pawtucket, Rhode Island, USAd. 1865 Washington, DC, USA[br]American textile machinist who applied the differential motion to roving frames, solving the problem of winding on the delicate cotton rovings.[br]He was the son of Benjamin and Isabel Arnold, but his mother died when he was 2 years old and after his father's second marriage he was largely left to look after himself. After attending the village school he learnt the trade of a carpenter, and following this he became a machinist. He entered the employment of Samuel Slater, but left after a few years to engage in the unsuccessful manufacture of woollen blankets. He became involved in an engineering shop, where he devised a machine for taking wool off a carding machine and making it into endless slivers or rovings for spinning. He then became associated with a cotton-spinning mill, which led to his most important invention. The carded cotton sliver had to be reduced in thickness before it could be spun on the final machines such as the mule or the waterframe. The roving, as the mass of cotton fibres was called at this stage, was thin and very delicate because it could not be twisted to give strength, as this would not allow it to be drawn out again during the next stage. In order to wind the roving on to bobbins, the speed of the bobbin had to be just right but the diameter of the bobbin increased as it was filled. Obtaining the correct reduction in speed as the circumference increased was partially solved by the use of double-coned pulleys, but the driving belt was liable to slip owing to the power that had to be transmitted.The final solution to the problem came with the introduction of the differential drive with bevel gears or a sun-and-planet motion. Arnold had invented this compound motion in 1818 but did not think of applying it to the roving frame until 1820. It combined the direct-gearing drive from the main shaft of the machine with that from the cone-drum drive so that the latter only provided the difference between flyer and bobbin speeds, which meant that most of the transmission power was taken away from the belt. The patent for this invention was issued to Arnold on 23 January 1823 and was soon copied in Britain by Henry Houldsworth, although J.Green of Mansfield may have originated it independendy in the same year. Arnold's patent was widely infringed in America and he sued the Proprietors of the Locks and Canals, machine makers for the Lowell manufacturers, for $30,000, eventually receiving $3,500 compensation. Arnold had his own machine shop but he gave it up in 1838 and moved the Philadelphia, where he operated the Mulhausen Print Works. Around 1850 he went to Washington, DC, and became a patent attorney, remaining as such until his death. On 24 June 1856 he was granted patent for a self-setting and self-raking saw for sawing machines.[br]Bibliography28 June 1856, US patent no. 15,163 (self-setting and self-raking saw for sawing machines).Further ReadingDictionary of American Biography, Vol. 1.W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (a description of the principles of the differential gear applied to the roving frame).D.J.Jeremy, 1981, Transatlantic Industrial Revolution. The Diffusion of Textile Technologies Between Britain and America, 1790–1830, Oxford (a discussion of the introduction and spread of Arnold's gear).RLH
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Slater, Samuel — born June 9, 1768, Belper, Derbyshire, Eng. died April 21, 1835, Webster, Mass., U.S. British born U.S. industrialist. Initially apprenticed to a partner of Richard Arkwright, he immigrated to the U.S. in 1789, where he reproduced versions of… … Universalium
Slater,Samuel — Sla·ter (slāʹtər), Samuel. 1768 1835. British born textile pioneer in America. He oversaw construction of the nation s first successful water powered cotton mill (1790 1793). * * * … Universalium
Slater, Samuel — (9 jun. 1768, Belper, Derbyshire, Inglaterra–21 abr. 1835, Webster, Mass., EE.UU.). Industrial estadounidense nacido en Gran Bretaña. Inicialmente se desempeñó como aprendiz de un socio de Richard Arkwright, para después emigrar a EE.UU. (1789),… … Enciclopedia Universal
Samuel Slater — (* 9. Juni 1768 in Belper, Derbyshire, England; † 21. April 1835 in Webster, Massachusetts, USA) war ein früher amerikanischer Unternehmer und Industrieller. Er wird als „Vater der amerikanischen industriellen Revolution“ bezeichnet, da er bei… … Deutsch Wikipedia
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